从结构功能到写作表达，全面掌握 which 的语法角色
一、语法角色概述
which 是关系代词之一，专门用于引导修饰“物”的定语从句。其在从句中可充当主语或宾语，广泛用于正式表达场景中，尤其是在书面写作和语言测试中具有显著作用。
基本句型结构：
先行词（物） + which + 从句
示例：
- The book which is on the table belongs to Alice.（which 作主语）
- I’ve read the article which you recommended.（which 作宾语）
📌注意：作宾语时，which 通常可以省略，但在正式语境中保留更为妥当。
二、结构分析：主语 vs 宾语
| 功能 | 示例 | 功能说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | The painting which hangs in the hall is very old. | which = painting，主语 |
| 宾语 | The laptop which I bought yesterday is broken. | which = laptop，宾语 |
三、限定性与非限定性用法的差异
- **限定性：**无逗号，所提供信息决定先行词所指。
例：The camera which costs $500 is out of stock. - **非限定性：**使用逗号，提供附加说明信息。
例：This phone, which I bought last year, still works perfectly.
✳ 非限定性用法在正式书面写作中尤为常见，能增加语义扩展度。
四、常见错误分析与规范表达
- ❌ 错误：This is the key which opens it the door.
✅ 正确：This is the key which opens the door. - ❌ 错误：She has a dog who is very quiet.
✅ 正确：She has a dog which is very quiet.
➤ 人用 who，物用 which。 - ✅ 正确书面用法：
The conference, which was held in Geneva, attracted over 500 scholars worldwide.
五、写作示范句与优化建议
The report, which was compiled over three months, provides valuable insights into market trends.
I finally repaired the chair which my grandfather made decades ago.
🧠 **建议：**使用 which 从句替代简单句，有助于提升表达层次，符合学术与考试作文逻辑。
六、小结要点
- which 用于修饰“物”，在句中可作主语或宾语；
- 宾语可省略，但建议在正式文体中保留；
- 非限定性从句需加逗号，适合书面写作；
- 注意避免与 who 混用或结构重复错误。
要真正掌握 which 引导的定语从句，不仅要理解语法结构，更要在表达中灵活运用。我们的 李校来啦英语智能训练系统 提供系统化定语从句专项训练，涵盖限定与非限定、主宾语识别、句型转换等内容，助你构建严谨的英语写作能力，从基础语法走向逻辑表达。