掌握限制性与非限制性定语从句及其写作应用
一、定语从句的分类与语法功能
定语从句用以修饰先行词，补充说明其身份、性质或状态。根据是否限定先行词，定语从句分为两类：
- 限制性定语从句（Restrictive Clause）
直接限定先行词范围，缺失会改变句义。
例：The students who study hard will succeed. - 非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Clause）
提供附加信息，缺失不影响句意，需用逗号隔开。
例：My father, who is a doctor, works at the hospital.
二、关系词的用法与选取
| 关系词 | 用法说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| who/whom | 指人，who作主语，whom作宾语 | The teacher who teaches math is strict. |
| whose | 表示所属关系，指人或物 | The author whose book won the prize is famous. |
| which | 指物，作主语或宾语 | The car which he bought is expensive. |
| that | 可指人或物，常用于限制性定语从句 | The movie that we saw was excellent. |
⚠️ that 不用于非限制性定语从句。
三、写作中的定语从句应用实例
在正式写作中，合理使用定语从句可提升句子信息量和条理性：
- 限制性定语从句： Students who prepare thoroughly usually achieve higher scores.
- 非限制性定语从句： The conference, which lasted three days, attracted experts worldwide.
四、复杂句型建议与注意事项
- 避免重复代词
例：The report that she wrote it was praised. → 正确：The report that she wrote was praised. - 区分限制性和非限制性定语从句，避免混淆逗号用法。
- 关系词省略
当关系词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略： The book (that) I bought yesterday is interesting.
五、范文片段解析
The scientist who discovered the new element received international acclaim.
Our project, which started last year, has finally been approved.
The candidate whose qualifications are impressive was selected.
这些句子体现了定语从句在提升句意清晰度和信息密度上的关键作用。
六、语法练习建议
- 写出含有限制性和非限制性定语从句的句子各5个。
- 针对不同先行词尝试使用不同关系词造句。
- 练习关系词省略的句型转换。
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